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Bacillus a rodlet. Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Bacillus Cells rod‐shaped, straight or slightly curved, occurring singly and in pairs, some in chains, and occasionally as long filaments.
Endospores are formed, no more than one to a cell; these spores are very resistant to many adverse conditions. Gram‐positive, or Gram‐positive only in early stages of growth, or Gram‐negative.
A meso‐DAP direct murein cross‐linkage type is commonest, but L‐Lys‐ D‐Glu, Orn‐ D‐Glu and L‐Orn‐ D‐Asp have occasionally been reported. Motile by means of peritrichous or degenerately peritrichous flagella, or nonmotile.
Aerobes or facultative anaerobes, but a few species are described as strictly anaerobic. The terminal electron acceptor is oxygen, replaceable by alternatives in some species. Most species will grow on routine media such as nutrient agar and blood agar. Colony morphology and size very variable between and within species. A wide diversity of physiological abilities is exhibited, ranging from psychrophilic to thermophilic, and acidophilic to alkaliphilic; some strains are salt tolerant and some are halophilic. Catalase is produced by most species.
Oxidase‐positive or ‐negative. Chemo‐organotrophic; two species are facultative chemolithotrophs: prototrophs to auxotrophs requiring several growth factors. Mostly isolated from soil, or from environments that may have been contaminated directly or indirectly by soil, but also found in water, food and clinical specimens. The resistance of the spores to heat, radiation, disinfectants, and desiccation results in species being troublesome contaminants in operating rooms, on surgical dressings, in pharmaceutical products and in foods.
Most species have little or no pathogenic potential and are rarely associated with disease in humans or other animals; an exception is Bacillus anthracis, the agent of anthrax; several other species may cause food poisoning and opportunistic infections, and strains of Bacillus thuringiensis are pathogenic to invertebrates. DNA G + C content (mol%): 32–66 ( T m).
Type species: Bacillus subtilis Cohn 1872, 174 AL. Cells rod‐shaped, straight or slightly curved, occurring singly and in pairs, some in chains, and occasionally as long filaments. Endospores are formed, no more than one to a cell; these spores are very resistant to many adverse conditions.
Gram‐positive, or Gram‐positive only in early stages of growth, or Gram‐negative. A meso‐DAP direct murein cross‐linkage type is commonest, but L‐Lys‐ D‐Glu, Orn‐ D‐Glu and L‐Orn‐ D‐Asp have occasionally been reported.
Motile by means of peritrichous or degenerately peritrichous flagella, or nonmotile. Aerobes or facultative anaerobes, but a few species are described as strictly anaerobic. The terminal electron acceptor is oxygen, replaceable by alternatives in some species. Most species will grow on routine media such as nutrient agar and blood agar. Colony morphology and size very variable between and within species.
A wide diversity of physiological abilities is exhibited, ranging from psychrophilic to thermophilic, and acidophilic to alkaliphilic; some strains are salt tolerant and some are halophilic. Catalase is produced by most species. Oxidase‐positive or ‐negative.
Chemo‐organotrophic; two species are facultative chemolithotrophs: prototrophs to auxotrophs requiring several growth factors. Mostly isolated from soil, or from environments that may have been contaminated directly or indirectly by soil, but also found in water, food and clinical specimens. The resistance of the spores to heat, radiation, disinfectants, and desiccation results in species being troublesome contaminants in operating rooms, on surgical dressings, in pharmaceutical products and in foods.
Most species have little or no pathogenic potential and are rarely associated with disease in humans or other animals; an exception is Bacillus anthracis, the agent of anthrax; several other species may cause food poisoning and opportunistic infections, and strains of Bacillus thuringiensis are pathogenic to invertebrates. DNA G + C content (mol%): 32–66 ( T m). Type species: Cohn, 174 AL. Number of validated species: 95. Unrooted neighbor‐joining phylogenetic tree of Bacillus species based on 16S rRNA gene sequences.
Alignment of sequences was performed using C LUSTALX, B IOEDIT and T REECON. Bootstrap values above 70% are shown (based on 1000 replications) at the branch points. Sequence accession numbers for each strain are given in parentheses. It is well known that 16S rDNA sequences do not always allow species to be discriminated, and that DNA–DNA hybridizations may be needed for this.
However, sequences of other genes (the so‐called core genes) may be more appropriate for discriminating these relatively recent branchings of the evolutionary tree that correspond to bacterial species. The ad hoc committee for the re‐evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology (Stackebrandt et al., ) advised that genetic differences of the so‐called core genes should be explored in order to come to a finer “bacterial species concept” in the future.
The groupings (phylogenetic trees) that are obtained from comparisons either of sequences of individual core genes, or of concatenated gene sequences of several core genes, need to be validated against the phylogenetic species concept (Wayne et al., ). Recent data (Wang et al., ) clearly show that in the Bacillus subtilis group, within which species delineation is very difficult, core genes such as gyrB allow differentiation on a genetic basis.
A debate began recently concerning the impact of these new findings of genome analysis on bacterial taxonomy (Buckley and Roberts, ). Analysis of whole‐genome sequences showed that about 80% of an individual genome may be shared by all pathogenic isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae (Tettelin et al., ), indicating that in closely related strains belonging to the same species, at least, a vast amount of the genetic information is shared. The interested reader is referred to the literature (e.g., Kunin et al.,; Dagan and Martin, ). Cell morphology.
Bacillus cells may occur singly and in pairs, in chains (which may be of great length), and as filaments. Trichome‐forming “ Arthromitus” strains from sow bug or wood louse ( Porcellio scaber) guts, with endospore‐forming filaments over 100 µm long and up to 180 cells per filament in animals cultivated in darkness, have been identified as Bacillus cereus (Jorgensen et al., ) and similar filamentous organisms have been isolated from moths, roaches and termites (Margulis et al.,; see Habitats, below). The rod‐shaped cells of Bacillus species are usually round‐ended, but the cells of members of the Bacillus cereus group have often been described as squared. Cell diameters range from 0.4 to 1.8 µm and lengths from 0.9 to 10.0 µm, but the cells of a particular strain are usually quite regular in size, and individual species normally have dimensions within fairly narrow limits. For example, cells of Bacillus pumilus are typically 0.6–0.7 by 2.0–3.0 µm, while those of Bacillus megaterium are usually 1.2–1.5 by 2.0–5.0 µm. Pleomorphism, showing as cells and filaments with swollen regions, and entirely swollen cells, may be observed in cultures grown in suboptimal conditions; this is seen, for example, in cultures of Bacillus fumarioli grown on relatively rich media (Logan et al., ), and such stressed cultures sporulate poorly. Bacillus cytoplasm may stain uniformly or be vacuolate; vacuolation (the presence of inclusions is visible by phase‐contrast microscopy as areas less refractive than spores, and in Gram‐stained preparations by unstained globules) is enhanced in some species ( Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium, for example) by cultivation on an agar medium containing a fermentable carbohydrate such as glucose, so that copious storage material is produced.
Sporangial morphologies are characteristic of species, and so often valuable in identification (see Life cycle, below), but an individual strain may show some variation and produce, for example, both oval and spherical spores. The commonest spore shape is ellipsoidal or oval, but shapes range from frankly cylindrical through ellipsoidal to spherical, and irregular forms such as kidney‐ or banana‐shaped spores may be seen in some species. The position of the spore is also characteristic; the most frequently observed is a subterminal placement, and position can range from central through paracentral and subterminal to terminal. An individual strain may exhibit a range of spore positions. In small sporangia it is sometimes difficult to categorize spore positions with confidence. In just over half of the validly published Bacillus species the spores swell the sporangia slightly or appreciably, while in the remainder sporangial swelling has not been observed, but both swollen and unswollen sporangia may be observed within a single strain.
The sporangia of Bacillus thuringiensis are characterized by their parasporal inclusions of crystalline protein known as δ‐endotoxins, which are often toxic to insects and other invertebrates. Insecticidal strains of Bacillus sphaericus also produce crystalline parasporal inclusions; these are less prominent than those of Bacillus thuringiensis, but are generally visible with the aid of a good phase‐contrast microscope (Priest, ). L‐form Bacillus cells have been reported from both humans, other animals and plants. Several authors have found L‐forms in the blood of normal and arthritic persons in association with erythrocytes (Bisset and Bartlett,; Pease, ), in other body fluids such as synovial fluids of arthritic patients (Pease, ), in association with neoplasms (Livingston and Alexander‐Jackson, ), and in chickens and turkeys with infectious synovitis (Livingston and Alexander‐Jackson,; Roberts, ). As demonstrated by Bisset and Bartlett ( ), these organisms often revert to small, acid‐fast diphtheroids, and on prolonged (up to 25 months) primary culture or subculture, and especially when grown in the presence of agents known to stimulate reversion of L‐forms, some of them increase in size, lose their acid‐fastness, and become Gram‐positive endospore‐forming rods.
These organisms produce licheniform colonies on agar media, like the “ Bacillus endoparasiticus” of Benedek ( ) from arthritic patients. The fully reverted isolates of Bisset and Bartlett ( ) were phenotypically similar to Bacillus licheniformis in other respects, and they named them “ Bacillus licheniformis var. Endoparasiticus.” Symbiotic associations between L‐form bacteria and plants have been observed (Paton and Innes, ), and this has encouraged the induction and characterization of a stable L‐form of Bacillus subtilis (Allan,; Allan et al., ). Artificially induced symbiosis of this stable L‐form of Bacillus subtilis in strawberry plants has been demonstrated by ELISA (Ferguson et al., ), and a symbiosis of the same strain in Chinese cabbage seedlings has been shown to inhibit the germination of Botrytis cinerea conidia (Walker et al., 2002).
Cell‐wall composition. Information on murein structure is known for only about half of the valid species of Bacillus (Table ), but Bacher et al. ( ) have shown that matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry with nano‐electrospray ionization quadrupole ion‐trap mass spectrometry allows the ready determination of peptidoglycan structure in Bacillus subtilis vegetative cells and Bacillus megaterium spores. The vegetative cells of the majority of Bacillus species that have been studied have the most common type of cross‐linkage in which a peptide bond is formed between the diamino acid in position 3 of one subunit and the D‐Ala in position 4 of the neighboring peptide subunit, so that no interpeptide bridge is involved. The diamino acid in most Bacillus species is meso‐diaminopimelic acid ( meso‐DAP), and this cross‐linkage is now usually known as DAP‐direct (A1γ in the classification of Schleifer and Kandler ). Where the structure is known, this cross‐linkage is also typical of the examined representatives of several genera whose species were previously accommodated in Bacillus: Alkalibacillus, Brevibacillus, Geobacillus, Gracilibacillus, Paenibacillus, Salibacillus, and Virgibacillus (Table ).
This is a listing of all Booster Packs in the video game Yu-Gi-Oh! GX Tag Force 2, their cost and how to unlock them.
Beginner Monsters - 50DP; At start. Beginner Spells - 50DP; At start.
Beginner Traps - 50DP; At start. Time to Gear Up - 100DP; Get 50% on Beginner Monsters/Clear ga me with all characters in Tier 1. Intermediate Spells - 100DP; Get 50% on Beginner Spells/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. Intermediate Traps - 100DP; Get 50% on Beginner Traps/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. It's Fusion Time - 150DP; Get 50% on Time to Gear Up/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. Expert Spells - 150DP; Get 50% on Intermediate Spells/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1.
Expert Traps - 150DP; Get 50% on It's Fusion Time/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. Creeping Darkness - 100DP; Unlock at first Monday/Level 45/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. Dueling with Fire - 100DP; Unlock at first Tuesday/Level 45/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. Raging Waters - 100DP; Unlock at first Wednesday/Level 45/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. A Gust of Wind - 100DP; Unlock at first Thursday/Level 45/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. Light from Above - 100DP; Unlock at first Friday/Level 45/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1.
Earthly Powers - 100DP; Unlock at first Saturday/Level 45/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. Taste the Attributes - 150DP; 10% chance of unlocking each day/80% complete on P10-15/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. Power of the Heroes - 100DP; Tag with Jaden/Level 45/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. Machiner's Force - 100DP; Tag with Syrus/Level 45/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. Cyber Girl Rhapsody - 100DP; Tag with Alexis/Level 45/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. Ojama Strike - 100DP; Tag with Chazz/Level 45/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1.
Control Your Destiny - 100DP; Tag with Aster/Level 45/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. Dino Power - 100DP; Tag with Tyranno/Level 45/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. A Maiden's Love - 100DP; Tag with Blair/Level 45/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. Over the Rainbow - 100DP; Tag with Jesse/Level 45/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. Making the Team - 100DP; Tag with any characters in Tier 2/Level 45/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1.
Simple is Best - 50DP; Tag with any characters in Tier 3/Level 45/Clear game with all characters in Tier 1. Test of Luck - 150DP; Clear the Destiny 21 mini-game with 50000 points/Clear the game with all Page 1 characters/Reach at least to Level 40.
Dramatic a La Carte - 150DP; Clear the Survival Dodgeball mini-game with 100000 points/Clear the game with all Page 1 characters/Reach at least to Level 40. Vanilla Flavored - 150DP; Clear the Can you Make 400 Friends mini-game/Clear the game with all Page 1 characters/Reach at least to Level 40. Reserve Magic - 150DP; Clear the Stones of Strategy mini-game with 50000 points/Clear the game with all Page 1 characters/Reach at least to Level 40. A Fresh, New Taste - 150DP; Clear the Visitor From the Abyss mini-game by reaching at least 50 floors/Clear the game with all Page 1 characters/Reach at least to Level 40.
Magic Carpet - 100DP; Clear the game with one Page 1 character/Complete 20% of the Challenges. A Dragon's Tale - 100DP; Clear the game with two Page 1 characters/Complete 40% of the Challenges. Back for More - 100DP; Clear the game with three Page 1 characters/Complete 60% of the Challenges. Twilight Ruler - 100DP; Clear the game with four Page 1 characters/Complete 80% of the Challenges. Celestial Sign - 100DP; Clear the game with five Page 1 characters/Win the Slifer Red Tournament.
Banner of Courage (Booster Pack) - 100DP; Clear the game with six Page 1 characters/Win the Ra Yellow Tournament. 100DP; Clear the game with seven Page 1 characters/Win the Obelisk Blue Tournament. Spice Up Your Deck - 100DP; Clear the game with all Page 1 characters/Win the Championship Tournament. Rock Solid Tactics - 100DP; Clear the game with any Page 2 character/Clear the game with all Page 1 characters/Complete 20% of the Challenges. A Bug's Deal - 100DP; Clear the game with any Page 3 character/Clear the game with all Page 1 characters/Complete 20% of the Challenges. Sadie's Special Pack - 200DP; Clear the game with Sadie/Game time of at least 50 hours. Dorothy's Special Pack - 200DP; Clear the game with Dorothy/Buy at least 1000 packs.
Champion's Pack - 50DP; Clear the game with all Page 1 characters. Crush on You - 50DP; Insert Yu-Gi-Oh Tag Force 1 disc in UMD Recognition. Midday Constellation - 573DP; Up Up Down Down Left Right Left Right X O at the Card Shop screen. Double Triple Destiny Draw - 200DP; Acquire the Golden Egg Sandwich/Clear the game with all Page 1 characters. Checkered Flag - 300DP; Acquire at least 95% of all cards.